Cardiovascular Diseases in Australian Women- myassignmenthelp

Question: Examine about theCardiovascular Diseases in Australian Women forCVD. Answer: Presentation Cardiovascular ailment additionally alluded to as coronary illness is among the main sources of mortality in Australia. The National Heart Foundation shows that coronary illness prompts more passings in ladies when contrasted with their male partners. There are diverse hazard factors that are increasingly specific for ladies with respect to coronary illness. These incorporate absence of physical exercise, being post-menopausal, family worry for single parents, overabundance admission of greasy food, and high salt admission among others (Cho 2016). Social determinants that impact the danger of getting coronary illness incorporate; originating from burden regions and being indigenous Australian, having a family ancestry of the malady, and insignificant social comforts inside ones neighborhoods for practicing and finding prompt clinical consideration (Zeigler, 2016). Enlisted Nurses need to utilize customized inspirational talking standards so as to assist ladies with adopting up custom ized strategies to lessen the danger of coronary illness. The accompanying conversation plot the effects of CVD on Australian ladies, the social and conduct chance elements, and the standards of inspirational meeting for Jan, a customer who is in danger of securing coronary illness. Effect of CVD on Australian Women CVD impacts adversely on Australian ladies. The first effect of CVD in Quite a while is that it leads as a reason for unexpected passing. As indicated by National Heart Foundation around 45,392 passings in Australia in the year 2015 was brought about by coronary illness (Kay et al, 2017). This implies in every 12 moment, Australia records one demise because of CVD. Consequently, the year 2015 experienced 30% of passings coming about because of CVD in Australia. All the more explicitly, 27% of male passings and 30% of female passings around the same time came about because of CVD (Kay et al, 2017). It is along these lines clear that Australian ladies are bound to pass on from CVD than their male partners. While Australian guys endure double the quantity of cardiovascular failures, their female partners are a higher possibility of kicking the bucket from them. More ladies likewise bite the dust from stroke when contrasted with men. Furthermore, CVD being a significant reason for death in Australia, it is expensive as far as treatment. The National Health Foundation shows that CVD represents about 18% of Australias all out weight of malady. Late exploration likewise demonstrates that the condition is the most costly gathering of infections to treat in Australia. Somewhere in the range of 2008 and 2009, the CVD cost an inexact $7.47 billion to treat where the greater part of this went to paying for patients who were conceded in emergency clinic (Kay et al, 2017). It is in this way costly particularly for poor indigenous networks in country Australia. CVD as an ailment has social ramifications including long clinic stays and emergency clinic partitions. Somewhere in the range of 2014 and 2015, CVD added to 490,000 hospitalizations in Australia. The greater part of these included ladies (Kay et al, 2017). The long remains in medical clinics and the detachments from families for hospitalization contrarily sway on families both sincerely and mentally. The National Heart Foundation shows that there was an expansion of emergency clinic detachments from 2004 to 2015 by 8% (Kay et al, 2017). Understanding the job of ladies in homes particularly among indigenous Australians who live in families, plainly their families endure genuinely while bearing the weight of obligations. Social Determinants Increasing danger of CVD Diverse social determinants impact the danger of CVD among ladies in Australia. One of these incorporate sexual orientation as demonstrated over that ladies are at a higher danger of creating and in any event, kicking the bucket from CVD when contrasted with men in Australia. This is on the grounds that there are higher odds of a lady at present menopausal age on create CVD due to disintegrated levels of estrogen creation (Kay et al, 2017). Further, ladies like Jan, are bound to be hefty because of insufficient physical exercise when contrasted with men and this expands their hazard to CVD. This is the motivation behind why while double the quantity of men gets coronary episodes; a bigger number of ladies really kick the bucket from it than men. Furthermore as indicated by Vaccarino Bremner (2017), having a family ancestry of CVD just like the case for Jan puts one in danger of creating CVD. Studies show that guardians who have coronary illness are destined to have kids with the condition. All things considered, the more established one gets, the higher the danger of the condition (Zeigler, 2016). In this manner Jan having had a mother with CVD, she is in all likelihood going to build up the malady on the off chance that she doesn't diminish the hazard factors. Another social hazard factor is neediness and an absence of access to legitimate human services. As indicated by the National Heart Foundation, ladies who originate from the most impeded areas of Australia have 29% passing rates due to CVD, above other ladies who originate from least distraught districts (Vissers et al, 2016). Ladies from provincial zones are presented to more hazard factors as they have no offices to work out, complete ordinary wellbeing registration and take an interest in their own social insurance. This is the situation for Jan, who is in rustic Queensland with constrained access to guiding or potentially offices for practice as could be the situation for those in urban territories (Vissers et al, 2016). Further, ladies who are Aboriginal and additionally Torres Strait Islanders are at a higher danger of CVD than their non-indigenous partners. They are likewise bound to have higher diabetes and heftiness rates. Jan is subsequently at a higher danger of securing C VD, as she originates from the country regions where social insurance administrations are less fortunate when contrasted with those in urban territories. Social Determinants Increasing danger of CVD There are a few social hazard calculates that Jan the contextual analysis faces, which can cause her to create cardiovascular ailments. Undesirable eating routine is one of the major conduct factors adding to improvement of cardiovascular ailments (Alley et al, 2017). Diets which are profoundly soaked with cholesterol, fats and trans-realities realize coronary illness including related conditions like atherosclerosis. Studies additionally show that nourishments with an excess of salt lead to hypertension. From the contextual investigation, plainly Jan is probably going to create cardiovascular sicknesses because of her utilization of food with abundance salt. High sugar admission is dangerous as it prompts weight and high insulin levels. This prompts insulin opposition, a priority of diabetes and inevitably CVD (Chockalingam et al, 2016). Jan drinks 4 to 5 full-sugar Cola drink day by day and this puts her in danger of CVD in the long haul. Absence of physical exercise likewise puts one at the danger of CVD. This is on the grounds that it improves the probability of weight, hypertension and diabetes, which are significant supporters of CVD causation (Wise, 2014). From the contextual analysis, Jan has picked to abstain from strolling practices and thinking about that she enjoys cooking and eating, she is probably going to be fat in the short-run. Deficient exercise implies that overabundance fats and cholesterol are not split down and can wind up blocking courses including coronary veins to cause cardiovascular failures. Worry as a social perspective additionally adds to the advancement of coronary illness. From the contextual investigation, Jan is worried as she is at present jobless single parent who isolated with her better half as of late. She is clearly stressed over how she will figure out how to think about her 13 and 15-year old youngsters without any assistance. Stress puts one at a higher danger of getting strokes or potentially coronary episodes (Bartrop, 2017). Tension and despondency that accompanies distressing occasions are major social hazard factors also. Persuasive Interviewing Principles The main guideline I will utilize, is communicating compassion while maintaining a strategic distance from contentions with the customer (Miller, 2015). So as to talk about practicing for example, I will reveal to Jan I sincerely comprehend that it must been hard for you being a mother to practice in order to keep up a solid in the ongoing past. A ton of my patients have likewise announced of this trouble. All things considered, I think it stays basic for us to endeavor to discover how you can chip away at this. Jan, what might cause you to eat less however practice more? From this conversation, the patient will comprehend that as the medical caretaker I am sympathetic and yet she will offer out direct responses without contentions. Besides, improvement of disparities where nurture as well as doctor causes a patient to comprehend the variety between their conduct and their objectives is foremost (Schumacher, 2013). This will empower the patient to endeavor to partake in their own consideration. For this situation for example, I would tell Jan You simply educated me that you need to feel much improved, decrease the danger of CVD having a family ancestry of the equivalent, and diminish the potential sum you may use for CVD medicine. I trust you comprehend that working out, keeping away from misery, keeping up appropriate eating regimen and getting in shape would be of acceptable assistance in forestalling CVD. Jan, what are the reasons you think make it elusive adequate time for yourself to exercise and practice these solid conduct? The patient would then be able to think about her wellbeing objectives and the course she needs to take in forestalling CVD in future. Further, there is requirement for an attendant and additionally doctor to move toward the patient with obstruction and afterward give an input that is customized (Schumacher, 2013). At the point when the patient communicates the reasons with regards to why they can't accomplish their objectives, it is significant a medical attendant and additionally doctor to help them find fruitful ways. For example I will tell Jan I am mindful that you are drained from taking your standard strolling exercise, is it workable for you to make time to continue this? This will enable the patient to consider returning to and taking a shot at her wellbeing objectives. Rundown and Conclusion CVD remains as the significant reason for mortality in most industrialized nations including Australia. All things being equal, it adds to a bigger number of passings in ladies than

Competitive pushy parents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Serious pushy guardians - Essay Example In any case, a few youngsters don't feel lovely when their folks request that they do anything without wanting to. In such cases, pressures among kids and guardians increment which agitates the general condition of a family. In this paper, we will talk about how American serious guardians influence the desires of youngsters and how kids and educators can manage the serious guardians so as to locate a center route between the desires of the kids and the guardians. How Competitive (Pushy) Parents Deal with Children Competitive guardians jam their children’s public activities with irregular exercises, for example, play dates, infant yoga, and showing unknown dialects (Woolcock). Serious guardians manage their youngsters in an affecting manner. Such guardians care less about the individual wishes and points of the kids and attempt to force their will on the youngsters. They are exceptionally inquisitive about the exercises of the youngsters and watch out for all exercises of the k ids. Serious guardians additionally need their kids to be serious in all fields of life. Offspring of serious guardians are commonly bound to be over the top about their inclinations (Macrae). In America, the majority of the guardians begin prompting their youngsters from the beginning times of their lives to buckle down for making progress later on. For that, they manage their youngsters to the way, which they think to be the most proper ones for the kids. â€Å"Parents are so on edge for their kids to progress nicely, mostly in light of the fact that their youngsters are a reflection on them †yet in addition they are very much mindful of the financial realities† (Landesman). At times, the desire of the guardians conflict with the desire of the youngsters and the conflict happens. For instance, a youngster needs to turn into an instructor in future yet his folks need him to turn into a specialist or a specialist so as to turn into a decent worker later on. Presently, he re the conflict starts between the guardians and the youngster due to isolate perspectives with respect to choice of the most proper calling. The outcome isn't good for the two guardians and youngsters inevitably. Now and then, plan of the guardians becomes effective when the youngster becomes what the guardians need while now and then the kid isn't capable enough to meet the desires for the guardians, which brings about the instructive and expert disappointment of the kid. â€Å"The parent who is glad when a posterity accomplishes what is esteemed to be of significant worth and embarrassed when they fizzle is a deep rooted predicament† (Meakins). The predicament is that, if there should arise an occurrence of disappointment, guardians begin reprimanding the kids for not reading hard for achievement in the chose field of study. Notwithstanding, as a general rule, disappointment isn't a deficiency of the youngsters on the grounds that each kid has a different outlook and the i ndividual in question chooses the field of study dependent on the individual intrigue. â€Å"Parents are every now and again urged to assume a full job in their youngsters' education† (Young). Notwithstanding, when guardians attempt to constrain the youngsters to examine what the guardians need, it gets hard for the kids to coexist with the desire of the guardians appropriately on the grounds that they are not generally equipped enough for that. Serious or pushy guardians not simply power the youngsters in the field of studies however they additionally attempt to impact the extra curricular exercises, interests, and diversions of the kids. Pushy guardians need to make their kids serious in each field of life. For that, they attempt to

Summer Ideas for Juniors Who Are Interested in Debate TKG

Summer Ideas for Juniors Who Are Interested in Debate So, you have a lot to celebrate this year. You studied your butt off for standardized tests, developed your college list, and perhaps even became president of the Debate club. While we’re sure you’re looking forward to spending your summer escaping into West Wing because it’s so much better than real-life politics, we recommend keeping your heels on the ground for just a little bit longer…like, until you retire.We’ll spare you the lecture--you’ve heard it from adults your whole life. In the real world, you don’t get as many vacations as you do when you’re a kid. However, that doesn’t mean being productive year-round can’t be fun, too. The summer between junior and senior years is the opportune moment to dive in and explore your passions in life. While you don’t have to land on a major just yet, by this point, you probably have some kind of idea what interests you in life and colleges want to know about it.Aside from grades and scores, colleges are more intereste d in how you spend your free time than just about anything else. It tells them all they need to know about who you are. So, consider spending your summer working hard on something that lights you up and take a break from the rest. Besides, if you’re not working, you’re going to spend the summer debating your parents about your curfew anyway, so you might as well get some recognition for those hard-won rhetorical skills.Develop Your Expertise  The name of the college game is specificity. Universities want to see you develop an expertise in a certain area. This should even help you narrow down your career path once you’re in school. We recommend building out two to four interests and becoming an expert in those areas. The more specific, the better.Enroll in a Rigorous College Course Many of the nation’s top universities offer summer-session college courses for high school students. The summer between junior and senior years is a great time, not only to develop a baseline knowl edge in the kinds of curricula you will see in college, but also to get a glimpse into what life on campus is like.   Northwestern offers one-week, four-week, and six-week Debate courses.   Cornell offers three-week Debate courses for college credit, as well.A word of caution: While taking a college course this summer may increase your odds of getting into college in general, it will be no means afford you additional odds of getting into the college where you are taking that course. Cornell merely needs to fill their dorm rooms this summer to add to their bottom line. They aren’t going to admit Sally just because she took a Debate course at Cornell one summer over Pablo who took a comparable course at Brown.Intern Another great way to invest your time this summer would be landing a prestigious internship. While Debate may not translate into a direct career in the way that subjects like Science do, there are a number of fields that incorporate skillsets developed in debaters. Law a nd politics are among them. If you’re going to go the internship route, you want to make sure and arrange something with the best professionals in their fields.While many companies do not offer blanket internships for high schoolers, there is nothing stopping you from pitching your own. Do some research and figure out who the best litigators are in the country. See if your congressman, a state senator, or a federal judge is taking on interns. If they don’t offer an internship program, connect and offer your services.  After all, you are offering free support to them for an entire summer. We have helped students land hard-to-get internships in the past. If you need some help designing an internship or landing one, reach out to us. A world of caution: DO NOT take an internship in which you’ll just be getting coffee and collating papers once/week. In order to set yourself apart from the thousands of other applicants against whom you will be competing for college admissions, you will need to show the admissions committee that you both learned and accomplished something with your time. Besides, taking on an internship where you’ll really get your feet wet will open doors for you to cultivate professional contacts and mentors that could help you with your career down the line.  VolunteerSo, you have big plans this summer. You’re going to get on a plane to a foreign country, teach English every Wednesday for two weeks, and wow the admissions council with how much being in Costa Rica transformed you as a spiritual/intellectual being.No.Each year, admissions councilors receive dozens, if not hundreds of essays that start with “I stepped off the plane in x country and little did I know that, because I picked up trash from a playground in the city, my life would like literally be changed forever.” Volunteering is an awesome way to spend your free time. You are really talented and you have a lot to offer your community. If you’re going to set yourself apa rt, get creative and work really hard. In other words, actually do something that makes a difference.Find a middle school debate team from a low-income community and offer to coach them for the summer. You’ll be able to tell the admissions committee about how you, not only designed your own curriculum, but did your research and found a school that was the right fit for your services. Talk to your teachers or local community organizations to start tracking down leads.Many pro-bono lawyers and public defenders are understaffed. You could probably be really useful to a great lawyer working in the public service space or even a high-profile organization like the Innocence Project whose mission it is to exonerate wrongfully convicted people.Need help securing a competitive internship? We’re great at helping kids design impressive summer activities. Reach out to us here.

Twentieth Century History of South Africa - 1999 Words

The twentieth century history of South Africa contains many struggles and obstacles as its people worked towards creating a more unified country. Modern human beings have inhabited South Africa for more than 100,000 years and a great deal of colonization has occurred within the last 300 years. During the late 18th century, 90 Dutchmen landed on the Cape of Good Hope as part of the Dutch East India Company, representing the first permanent settlers of South Africa. In 1652, they were instructed to build a fort and to start growing crops to aid the ships travelling along the Eastern trade route. Five short years later, approximately 250 white men occupied the area, bringing with them slaves to aid in growing more crops. Their farmland†¦show more content†¦16). The region began to prosper due to the union of the Boers and the British and the mining of valuable minerals as the British Empire continued to keep a strong hold on the area. In 1909, the British Parliament passed the South Africa Act, which led to the Union of South Africa, becoming an independent dominion of the British Empire in 1910. The administrative capitol of this new region was Pretoria, and Cape Town became the legislative capitol. According to Historyworld.net (2012, para. 15), after the independence in 1910 there were about 1.3 million white citizens in South Africa; the majority being Dutch Afrikaners and the minority were British. The biggest group consisted of Black Africans, which were approximately 4 million people in strength. Both the Dutch Afrikaners and the British origin Africans disagreed on what rights the Black Africans could and could not have, but they did agree that they provided an ample supply of very cheap, manual labor. To combat racial discrimination, the South African Native Congress was created in 1912. The continuations of no parliament representation for blacks and restrictions based on color were two issues that the South African Native Congress were created to eliminate. Nothing changed, however, as the government continued to pass laws that limited blacks from having representation in the government as well as other restrictions based on color (U.S. StateShow MoreRelatedCCOT And CC Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿UNIT 1 /2 – 8000 bce – 600 bce, 600 bce – 600 ce Africa Compare and contrast life in foraging societies with life in agricultural societies after the Agricultural Revolution Identify two key changes in early African history that resulted in a new period in the history of the region The Middle East Analyze the political changes in the Middle East from the Agricultural Revolution to 600 c.e. Compare and contrast the basic features of TWO of the following religious systems prior to 600 c.e. 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Homelessness The Homeless Population - 843 Words

Seven billion people, that is the number of individuals that fill this vast world and 25 percent are homeless. Homelessness does not just transpire overnight, in poor countries, and to adults. This dire circumstance can develop anywhere: from poverty stricken countries to the wealthiest in the world and to people of any generation. Tragically, 30 percent of the homeless population is comprised of children (HomeAid.). Government and communities need to work together to develop more solutions to elevate homelessness. Simply stated an individual should not be required to beg in order to survive. To begin to create a picture of homelessness, it is essential to understand this epidemic. Homelessness is the reality of an individual or family living in a populated setting with no place of permanent residence. Furthermore, countless individuals experience homelessness as a result of different situations. Being homeless typically commences with a life altering or bewildering event that an ind ividual unable to rebound from. These events may be an array of factors such as unemployment, violence, death, and untreated physical or mental disorders (â€Å"What Is†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). An example of such a life-altering event is a story about Kim. Kim had just lost her partner and both parents. She kept putting on a troublesome smile on the outside, yet the weight of her grief kept holding her down. After this devastation, Kim went numb to the world; she was unable to care about any of herShow MoreRelatedHomelessness : The Homeless Population Essay1703 Words   |  7 PagesHomelessness affects millions of people every year. Homelessness is an endless epidemic that continues to grow. There isn’t one specific causal factor to this every increasing population. Individuals experiencing homelessness come from various backgrounds and cultures physically, financially, and emotionally. 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Movie Analysis Hollywood - 3558 Words

Hollywood; a quiet farming state until 1907, when bad weather drove a small Chicago film company westward to complete a shoot. By 1912, word of Hollywood’s ideal film-shooting climate and landscape spread had at least fifteen independent studios move to Hollywood. By 1915, America was officially film crazed, and Hollywood was shaping into the glamorous, sometimes surreal landscape we have come to know and love today. From the first movie projections at the end of the nineteenth century, cinema was hailed as a mode of preservation, a hedge against death itself, preserving for future generations not only the images but also the actions of people now long dead. The twentieth century is now heralded as the first to be immortalized by Hollywood film. But is this immortalization the purpose of historically based films, and furthermore, is this accurate? Most modern historians have an opinion on the legitimacy of historical films, and most are not favorable, as surmised in the words of Robert Rossenstone - â€Å"Let’s be blunt and admit it: historical films trouble and disturb professional historians† But why is this? Surely a historical film is just another interpretation of events that have occurred, which is shaped by contextual factors, just like other historians. So, one must ask what constitutes a Hollywood film that is historically accurate enough to be considered a legitimate sourc e?  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬ â€Å"For many people ‘history’ is what they see in films and television programs† and as aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Hollywood 972 Words   |  4 PagesHollywood is Falling In 1946, Hollywood reached its highest attendance peak and was having one of its most successful years. The silver screen was growing in numbers, sales, and was reaching a multitude of cinematic achievements. 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Timber Informative Essay free essay sample

It   involves  harvesting,  selecting,  thinning  the  tree   development  rather  than  the  whole  area  of  trees. This  means  the  trees  can  maintain  consistent   development  and  biodiversity  in  its  natural   environment. Many  companies  take  this  approach  no   as  the  availability  of  timber  remains  consistent  due  to   our  future  needs  and  developments. 3  Ã‚      Being  sustainable  isn’t  just  about  managing  the  needs  of  the  future  but  also  in   manufacturing  the  timber  products. Waste  in  the  production  is  critical  to  keep  a  minimum,   in  order  for  the  best  environment  and  gainful  aftermath. Techniques  such  as   Electromagnetic  grading  and  computer  cutting  are  used  to  find  defects  for  a  high  quality   timber. By  the  aid  of  the  computer,  tree  logs  get  the  maximal  cuts  and  highest  quality  with   today’s  technology. The  glues  used  and  designs  are  used  to  keep  moisture  out  resulting  in  a   durable  timber  frame. 4 SRT153  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Building  Materials  Science Material  Report Mitchell  Young The  embodied  energy  of  timber   is  much  lower  than  most   alternate  construction  materials   such  as  steel. We will write a custom essay sample on Timber Informative Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This  means  its environmental  effect  is  not  a   huge  deal  and  compared  to   other  materials  shown  in  this   diagram.   With  forest   management,  timber  can  be   easily  sustained  and  readily   available  worldwide. Properties  of  Timber   Being  a  very  popular  choice  of  building  material,  timber  shows  great  properties  of  strength,   lightweight,  reliable,  durable,  and  versatile. Having  such  a  good  strength  to  weight  ratio,  studies   show  that  Ã¢â‚¬ËœRadiata  pine  structural  timber,  for  example,  has  a  strength  for  weight  ratio  20  percent  higher  than   structural  steel  and  four  to  five  times  better  than  unreinforced  concrete  in  compression’(Haseeb  Jamel,  Web   Tech  Tix,  2013)6. An  important  property  of  timber  is  its   moisture  content,  and  is  the  mass  of  water   within  the  timber  when  over? dried. This  is   because  trees  have  nature  sap  in  the  pores   of  the  timber,  and  need  to  be  strengthened   by  drying  them  out. The  percentage  usually   lies  between  0  to  25%  MC  between  the  cell   walls,  shown  in  EMC  vs. Humidity  graph. The   percentages  that  go  beyond  this  point  up   until  35%,  reach  their  fibre  saturation  point,   and  above  this,  moisture  is  free  water  in  the   cell  voids. By  selecting  low  movement   timber,  protect  from  drying  and  wetting,   adding  a  coat  to  the  exterior,  and  using  smaller  cross? section  cuts  are  good  practices  to   minimise  the  shrinkage  and  mean  a  more  durable  and  longer  lasting  timber. 7   Application  in  Engineered  Trusses   Trusses  are  used  effectively  when  a  large  load  is  needed  to  be  held  up  over  a  great  distance. It  means  less  timber  used  which  is  good  for  the  environment,  and  spans  a  whole  roofing   distance. With  compression  and  tension  acting  on  the  truss,  any  movements  are

Human Resoures Essay Example

Human Resoures Essay Providing medical and retirement benefits of some sort remains almost obligatory for many (e. G. , large) employers. (3) Benefits programs are much more complex than most compensation programs. Benefits rules and their advantages and disadvantages are very difficult to communicate and understand, particularly if an employee does not have experience with using their benefits. (Pages 562 563) Discuss the Social Security Act of 1935. The Social Security Act of 1935 was the establishment of old-age insurance and unemployment insurance. The act was later amended to add survivors insurance, disability Insurance. Hospital insurance, and supplemental medical insurance. Together, these provisions constitute the federal Old Age, Survivors, Disability, and Health Insurance (ASIDE) program. Over 90 percent of U. S. Workers are covered by this program. The mall exceptions being railroad, federal, state, and local government employees. An individual employee must meet certain eligibility requirements to be covered. To be fully Insured typically requires 40 quarters of covered employment and minimum earnings of $1 , 120 per quarter in 2011 Social Security retirement (old-age insurance) benefits for fully insured workers begin at age 65 years and 6 months (full benefits) r age 62 (at a permanent reduction In benefits) for those born In 1940. (Pages 567 568) Discuss defined benefit and defined contribution plans. A defined benefit plan guarantees a specified retirement benefit level to employees based typically on a combination of years of service and age as well as on the employees earnings level. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resoures specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resoures specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resoures specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The plan insulates employees from investment risk, which is borne by the company. In the event of severe financial difficulties that force a company to terminate or reduce employee pension benefits, the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation provides some protection of benefits. A defined contribution plan does not promise a specific benefit level for employees upon retirement. Rather, an Individual account Is set up for each employee with a guaranteed size of contribution. The advantage of such plans for employers is that they shift investment risks to employees and present fewer administrative challenges because there is no need to calculate payments based on age and service and no need to make payments to the BGP. While many companies have both types of plans, defined contributions re much more prevalent within small companies. Page 1 AT 1 (Pages 569 570) As a manager, what retirement plan will you incorporate in order to combine the advantages of defined benefit plans and defined contribution plans? One way to combine the advantages of defined benefit plans and defined contribution plans is to use a cash balance plan. This type of retirement plan consists of individual accounts, as in a 401(k) plan. But in contrast to a 401(k), all the contributions come from the employer. Usually, the employer contributes a percentage of the employees salary, say, 4% or 5%. The money in the cash balance plan earns interest according to a predetermined rate, such as the rate paid on U. S. Treasury bills. Employers guarantee this rate as in a defined benefit plan. This arrangement helps employers plan their contributions and helps employees predict their retirement benefits. If employees change Jobs, they generally can roll over the balance into an individual retirement account. (Pages 573 574) U. S. Companies increasingly provide some form of child care support to their employees. Discuss. U. S. Companies increasingly provide some form of child care support to their employees. This support comes in several forms that vary in their degree of organizational involvement. The lowest level of involvement, offered by 36% of companies, is when an organization supplies and helps employees collect information about the cost and quality of available child care. At the next level, organizations provide vouchers or discounts for employees to use at existing child care facilities (5% of companies). At the highest level, firms provide child care at or near their worksheet (9% of companies). (Pages 575 576) What advice would you give an employer who is about to make hanged to his benefits program in attempt to control costs? It is useful to consider three factors when thinking about cost control strategies: (1) The larger the cost of a benefit category, the greater the opportunity for savings. This explains why many employers have targeted medical benefits for restructuring. (2) The growth trajectory of the benefit is also important. Even if costs are currently acceptable, the rate of growth may result in serious future costs. (3) Cost containment efforts can only work to the extent that the employer has significant discretion in hosing how much to spend in a benefit category. For example, an employer cannot make changes to legally mandated benefit programs. (Pages 578 579) Discuss the concepts of Homos and POS. Health maintenance organizations (Homos) and preferred provider organizations Page 2 of 13 (POS) are alternative health-care providers to the traditional fee-for-service health care allover systems. Homos pay Neal-care workers on a Nat salary Dads. I nee focus on preventive care, encourage outpatient treatment, and require employees to use only HOMO services. Employers contract with Homos to provide benefits on a repaid basis. POS are essentially groups of health-care providers who contract with employers or insurance companies to provide health care at a reduced fee. They differ from Homos in that they do not provide benefits on a prepaid basis and employees often are not required to use preferred providers. Instead, employers may provide incentives for employees to choose, for example, a physician who participates in the plan. In general, POS seem to be less expensive than traditional delivery systems, but more expensive than Homos. Pages 586 588) What potential risks do employers run when they choose to offer a legible benefits (cafeteria-style) plan? (1) High administrative costs, especially in the initial design and start-up stages. (2) Adverse selection. Employees are most likely to choose benefits they expect to use. As a result, employer costs can potentially increase significantly. Adverse selection also makes it difficult for the employer to estimate what benefits costs will be under the plan, e specially in small companies. (3) Employee dissatisfaction. Employers run the risk with flexible benefits plans that employees will select choices that will turn out poorly. As a result, employee dissatisfaction might increase. (Page 588) Discuss flexible spending accounts, citing their purpose, benefits, and drawbacks. A flexible spending account permits pretax contributions to an employee account that can be drawn on to pay for uncovered health care expenses (like deductible or coinsurance payments). A separate account of up to $5,000 per year is permitted for pretax contributions to cover dependent care expenses. The major benefit of such plans is the increase in take-home pay that results from pretax payment of health and dependent care expenses. The major drawbacks to such plans include the fact that funds must be earmarked in advance and spent during the plan year. Remaining funds revert to the employer; therefore, the accounts work best to the extent that employees have predictable expenses. (Pages 589 590) Discuss the Financial Accounting Statement (FAST) 106 rule. Financial Accounting Statement (FAST) 106, issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, became effective in 1993. This rule requires that any benefits (excluding pensions) provided after retirement (the major one being health care) can no longer be funded on a pay-as-you-go basis. Rather, they must be paid on an accrual basis, and companies must enter these future cost obligations on their financial Page 3 of 13 spring 2014 statements. The effect on financial statements can be substantial. Multiple Choice Questions (Page 558) Although direct compensation is subject to government regulation, the scope Ana Impact AT regulation on Dentists Is Tar greater. Organizations so typically offer them that they have come to be institutionalized. Providing medical and retirement benefits of some sort remains almost obligatory for many (e. G. , large) employers. A large employer that did not offer such benefits to its full-time employees would be highly unusual. Benefits programs are much more complex than most compensation programs. (Pages 558 559) One reason for giving more responsibility to employees for retirement planning and other benefits is to increase their understanding of the value of such benefits. Page 560) The tax treatment of benefits programs is often more favorable for employees than the tax treatment of wages and salaries, meaning that a dollar spent on benefits has the potential to generate more value for the employees than the name dollar spent on wages and salaries. The marginal tax rate is the percentage of additional earnings that goes to taxes. (Pages 560 561) A factor that has influenced benefits growth is the cost advantage that groups typically realize over individuals. Organizations that represent large groups of employees can purchase insurance (or self-insure) at a lower rate because of economies of scale, which spread fixed costs over more employees to reduce the cost per person. Insurance risks can be more easily pooled in large groups, and large groups can also achieve greater bargaining power in dealing with insurance carriers r medical providers. (Pages 561 562) Most benefits fall into one of the following categories: social insurance, private group insurance, retirement, pay for time not worked, and familiarity policies. The percentage of employees covered by benefits programs increases with establishment size. Among the largest employers, these percentages would be higher still. Benefits and total compensation costs also increase with establishment size. (Page 562) Among the most important provisions of the Social Security Act of 1935 was the establishment of old-age insurance and unemployment insurance. The act was later Page 4 of 13 mended to add survivors insurance (1939), disability insurance (1956), hospital insurance (Medicare Part A, 1965), and supplementary medical insurance (Medicare Part B, 1965) for the elderly. Pages 562 563) More than 90% of U. S. Employees are covered by the program, the main exceptions being railroad and federal, state, and local government employees, who often have their own plans. Note, however, that an individual employee must meet certain eligibility requirements to receive benefits. Social Security retirement (old-age insurance) benefits for fully insured worker s begin at age 65 years and 6 months (full benefits). Although the amount of the benefit depends on ones earnings history, benefits go up very little after a certain level; thus high earners help subsidize benefit payments to low earners. Page 563) Cost-of-living increases are provided each year that the consumer price Index Increases. (Page 563) An important attribute of the Social Security retirement benefit is that it is free from state tax in about half of the states and entirely free from federal tax. However, the federal tax code has an earnings test for those who are still earning wages (and not yet at full retirement age). The earnings test increases a persons incentive to retire (otherwise full Social Security benefits are not received), and if she continues to work, the incentive to work part-time rather than full-time increases. Page 563) Established by the 1935 Social Security Act, unemployment insurance program has four major objectives: (1) to offset lost income during involuntary unemployment, (2) to help unemployed workers find new Jobs, (3) to provide an incentive for employers to stabilize employment, and (4) to preserve investments in worker skills by providing income during short-term layoffs (which allows workers to turn to their employer rather than start over with another employer). (Page 564) The unemployment insurance program is financed largely through federal and state taxes on employers. Page 564) Unemployed workers are eligible for benefits if they (1) have a prior attachment to the workforce (often 52 weeks or four quarters of work at a minimum level of pay); (2) are available for work; (3) are actively seeking work (including registering at the local unemployment office); and (4) were not discharged for cause (such as willful Page 5 of 13 misconduct), did not quit voluntarily, and are not out of work because of a labor spite. (Page 564) Workers compensation benefits fall into four major categories: (1) disability income, (2) medi cal care, (3) death benefits, and (4) rehabilitative services. Page 564) Employees are not covered when injuries are self-inflicted or stem from intoxication or willful disregard of safety rules. Approximately 90% of all U. S. Workers are covered by state workers compensation laws. Workers compensation benefits fall into four major categories: (1) disability income, (2) medical care, (3) death benefits, and (4) rehabilitative services. The system is financed differently by efferent states, some having a single state fund, most allowing employers to purchase coverage from private insurance companies. Self-funding by employers is also permitted in most states. (Page 565) The cost to the employer is based on three factors. The first factor is the nature of the occupations and the risk attached to each. The second factor is the state where work is located. The third factor is the employers experience rating. (Page 565) Group insurance rates are typically lower than individual rates because of economies of scale, the ability to pool risks, and the rater bargaining power of a group. This cost advantage, together with tax considerations and a concern for employee security, helps explain the prevalence of employer-sponsored insurance plans. (Page 565) The Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) of 1985 requires employers to permit employees to extend their health insurance coverage at group rates for up to 36 months following a qualifying event, such as a layoff. (Page 1) Social security remains ten largest single component AT ten elderly overall retirement income (39 percent), while private pensions constitute 18 percent, and earnings from assets constitution percent. The remainder of the elderly income comes from earnings (24 percent) and other sources (3 percent). (Page 567) The Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ARISE) of 1974 increased the fiduciary responsibilities of pension plan trustees, established vesting rights and portability provisions, and established the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation Page 6 of 13 (BGP). (Page 567) A defined benefit plan guarantees a specified retirement benefit level to employees based typically on a combination of years of service and age as well as on the employees earnings level. Pages 567 568) Established by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ARISE) of 1974, the BGP guarantees a basic benefit, not necessarily complete pension benefit replacement. Payouts are not adjusted for cost-of-living changes. The BGP is funded by an annual contribution of $35 per (single-employer) plan participant, plus an additional variable rate premium for underfeed plans. The BGP does not guarantee health care benefits. (Page 568) Profit sharing plans and employee stock ownership plans are also often used as retirement vehicles. Both permit contributions (cash and stock, respectively) o vary from year to year, thus allowing employers to avoid fixed obligations that may be burdensome in difficult financial times. (Page 568) Defined contribution plans shift the investment risk to employees, have fewer administrative challenges and do not require payments to the BGP. They are preferred in smaller companies, perhaps because of small employers desire to avoid long-term obligations or perhaps because small companies tend to be younger, often being founded since the trend toward defined contribution plans. Defined contribution plans continue to grow in importance, while, defined benefit plans have come less common. (Page 568) Defined contribution plans do not promise a specific benefit level for employees upon retirement. Rather, an individual account is set up for each employee with a guaranteed size of contribution. (Page 568) Section 401 (k) plans (named after the tax code section) permit employees to defer compensation on a pretax basis. (Page 568) Defined contribution plans put the responsibility for wise investing squarely Page 7 of 13 on the shoulders of the employee. Page 568) The age at which investments are made, the different historical rates of turn AT Deterrent Investments, Ana ten need Tort Elaborations In order to counteract investment risk, affect the amount of income a person will receive upon retirement. (Page 569) The Pension Protection Act of 2006 requires defined contribution plans holding publicly traded securities to provide employees with (1) the opportunity to divest employer securities and (2) at least three investment options other than employer securities. Page 570) A cash balance requires contributions from the employer only and is most generous to young employees who have many years ahead in which to earn interest. If employees change Jobs, they generally can roll over the balance into an individual retirement account. (Page 570) ARISE guarantees employees that when they become participants in a pension plan and work a specified minimum number of years, they earn a right to a pension upon retirement. These are referred to as vesting rights. Page 570) A summary plan description (SPED) describes the plans funding, eligibility requirements, and risks. (Page 570) Vested employees have the right to their pension at retirement age, regardless of whether they remain with the employer until that time. Employee intuitions to their own plans are always completely vested. The vesting of moneylender pension benefits must take place under one of two schedules. (Page 571) If more mobility across employers becomes necessary or desirable, the current pension systems incentives against (or penalties for) mobility may require modification. Increased employee mobility will reinforce the continued trend toward defined contribution plans [like 401 (k)s], which have greater portability (ease of transfer of funds) across employers. Page 8 of 13 (Page 572) Sick leave programs often provide full salary replacement for a limited erred of time, usually not exceeding 26 weeks. The amount of sick leave is often based on length of service, accumulating with service (one day per month, for example). Sick leave policies need to be carefully structured to avoid providing employees with the wrong incentives. (Page 572) The employer pays the employee for time not spent working, receiving no tangible production value in return. Therefore, some employers may see little direct advantage. There is no legal minimum in the United States, but 10 days is typical for large companies. Sick leave programs often provide full salary replacement. Vacation and other paid leave practices differ across countries and thus contributes to the differences in labor costs. Page 572) To ease employees conflicts between work and non-work, organizations may use family-friendly policies such as family leave policies and child care. These programs often have spillover effects on other employees, who see them as symbolizing a general corporate concern for human resources, thus promoting loyalty even among employee groups Tanat AAA not use ten programs possibly resulting in improved organizational performance. E vidence suggests that firms using family- roundly policies have better quality management practices overall that are positively associated with organization performance. Pages 572 573) Since 1993 the Family and Medical Leave Act requires organizations with 50 or more employees within a 75-mile radius to provide as much as 12 weeks of unpaid leave after childbirth or adoption; to care for a seriously ill child, spouse, or parent; or for an employees own serious illness. Employees are guaranteed the same or a comparable Job on their return to work. Employees with less than one year of service or who work under 25 hours per week or who are among the 10% highest aid are not covered. Pages 572 573) Since 1993, the Family and Medical Leave Act requires organizations parent; or for an employees own serious illness. Employees with less than one year of service or who work under 25 hours per week or who are among the 10% highest Page 9 of 13 (Page 573) The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1 978 requires employers that offer disability plans to treat pregnancy as they would any other disability. (Page 574) The lowest level of involvement is when an organization supplies and helps employees collect information about the cost and quality of available child care. At the next level, care facilities. At the highest level, firms provide child care at or near their worksheet. (Page 575) Survey information on benefits packages is available from private consultants, the U. S. Chamber of Commerce, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLESS). (Page 576) One benefit-?medical and other insurance-?stands out as a target for cost control for two reasons. Its costs are substantial; they have, except for the 1994 to 1999 period, grown at a significant pace, and this growth is expected to continue. Second, employers have many options for attacking costs and improving quality. Page 578) Homos differ from more traditional providers by focusing on preventive care and outpatient treatment, requiring employees to use only HOMO services, and providing benefits on a prepaid basis. Many Homos pay physicians and other health care workers a flat salary instead of using the traditional fee-for-service system, under which a physicians pay may depend on the number of patients seen. (Pages 578 579) Plan design has been used to shift costs to employees through the use of deductibles, coinsurance, exclusions and limitations, and maximum benefits. Refer To: Table 13. 7 Page 579) POS differ from Homos in that they do not provide benefits on a prepaid basis and employees often are not required to use the preferred providers. Instead, employers may provoke Incentives Tort employees to condos, Tort example, a Pensacola who participates in the plan. In general, POS seem to be less expensive than traditional delivery systems but more expensive than Homos. (Page 579) Employee wellness programs (Peps) focus on changing behaviors both on Page 10 of 13 and off work time that could eventually lead to future health problems. Page 580) Active wellness centers assume that behavior change requires not only awareness ND opportunity but support and reinforcement. (Page 580) One kind of active wellness center is the outreach and follow-up model. This type of wellness center contains all the features of a passive model, but it also has counselors who handle one-on-one outreach and provide tailored, individualized programs for employees. (Page 58 1) All models are effective in reducing the risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease (obesity, high blood pressure, smoking, and lack of exercise). However, the follow-up model is significantly better than the rest in reducing the risk factors. Page 582) Piecemeal programs may not work well because steps to control one aspect (such as medical cost shifting) may lead employees to migrate to other programs that provide medical treatment at no cost to them (like workers compensation). (Page 583) Employers may be more likely to classify workers as independent contractors rather than employees, which eliminates the employers obligation to provide legally required employee benefits. Page 583) A workforce with a high percentage of women of childbearing age may care more about disability leave. (Page 585) Organizations are increasingly using web-based tools to personalize and aileron communications to individual employees. In addition, effective use of traditional approaches (e. G. , booklets) can have a large effect on employee awareness. (Page 58) Teleconference messaging is used to provide information on benefits and changes. Meeting s are used for local employees.

Whats that fishy smell essays

Whats that fishy smell essays Trimethylaminuria was first discovered in 1970 by J.R. Humbert. It was found in a six-year-old girl with multiple pulmonary infections. A deficiency of trimethylamine-oxidase was shown in a liver biopsy. The mutated gene, which is responsible for the disease, was only recently identified by C.T. Dolphin in 1997 as the gene that codes for the enzyme flavin monooxygenase 3. In a normal person, dietary choline and trimethylamine-oxide are ingested and broken down by bacteria in the intestines, producing trimethylamine. This is then absorbed and transported to the liver. It is oxidized in the liver by FMO3 to trimethylamine-N-oxide, which is odorless. It is then excreted in the urine. In a person with TMA, there is a diminishing FMO3 activity, resulting in the loss of oxidation of trimethylamine. There becomes an accumulation and massive excretion of trimethylamine in the urine and from areas of active sweating. Unoxidized trimethylamine causes the fishy odor of the TMA. Odor problems are such a sensitive topic that many people are wary of talking to a doctor about their symptoms. The name [fish odor syndrome] contributes greatly to the stigma of this disorder. It is misleading since the odor is variable(Harry W. McConnell). Because trimethylaminuria is so unknown, it takes suffers years to find out what is wrong, and then even more years to find someone who knows how to properly treat them. Since so little is known by doctors and researchers about this disease, it makes it very hard to treat. Also, the patient's reaction to the types of treatment varies, so there is no real cure for the disease. Trimethylaminuria is only occasionally identified during childhood. The affected children, however, are likely to become disturbed and even suicidal because of the problems their odor causes in schools. (Ertan Mayatepek). The odor problems in children seem to disappea ...

What are the effects in the job market when women are less educated Research Paper

What are the effects in the job market when women are less educated than man - Research Paper Example As a result, these women, should they be forced by need to work, will be confined to low productivity and income jobs. Women, up to now, are still vastly overrepresented among unpaid workers or in the informal sector. As education and experience are valuable inputs to productivity and earnings, non-diversification of the human capital deeply impacts the rate of economic development. Education is widely recognized as the prerequisite to economic security and opportunity. In analysis, the state of diversification in the job market presupposes the condition that there is no enhanced creativity in limited viewpoints as women is often not in the equation. This creates a narrow selection in the existing talent pool that often stagnates growth. The job market will negate a picture of strength as there would be less demand for labor without diversified aptitudes and abilities in its workforce. It will also have less ability to demand higher absolute and relative wages as job specialization would be diminished. A relatively weak job market ultimately prevents the increase in employment which would be accompanied by slow economic growth and perpetuates further market and institutional failures (World Bank, 2012). World Bank. (2012). Gender Difference in Employment and Why They Matter. Retrieved October 15, 2012, from World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development:

Comparison of Jewish Passover with Roman Catholic Last Supper and Essay

Comparison of Jewish Passover with Roman Catholic Last Supper and Easter - Essay Example On the other hand, the Easter holiday is celebrated by Christians to demonstrate the significance of the painful death of Jesus on the cross for the sake of sin redemption on humankind. The celebrations that are held to mark these events are usually in the accompaniment of beliefs, performance of rituals, and a recall of the history of the real happenings. The leadership in every Christian movement is charged with the responsibility to lead their congregations in conducting such events. The scriptures of the Bible containing relevant information in regards to the events are duly emphasized via repeated reading sessions during the commemoration seasons. Additionally, every aspect of the above issues has a comparison with another in another practice in the Christianity realms. The practices, in every form of Christian group, entail performance of reverent worship, whose conduction is similar in some groups and dissimilar in others, though all directed to the almighty God. Nevertheless, fervent connections are in existence between the Jewish Passover with Roman Catholic Last Supper and Easter, where every practice in the Old Testament is balanced and linked to another in the New Testament, making the celebrations to ultimately be intertwined (Cobb John and McAfee Ward 134). The discussion in this paper seeks to establish a comparison of Jewish Passover with Roman Catholic Last Supper and Easter. The comprehension of this discussion is motivated by investigating a variety of issues, the comparisons between the issues, as well as a critical analysis of the connection between them. Comparison of Jewish Passover with Roman Catholic Last Supper and Easter The Jewish Passover and the Canadian Roman Catholic last supper and Easter have significant similarities. They are both symbolic events used to commemorate an act that was conducted in the traditional times and was meant for today’s significance. The practices and believes are centered on worship for God becaus e of his redemption power for his people from suffering, which has a significance of demonstrating God’s mercy to his creation. The Jewish Passover portrays the mercies for redemption from slavery, while the Easter and last super portray the mercies in regards to offer of Jesus on the cross. The beliefs of these events are centered on the saving power of God, and that the commemoration of the events brings spiritual revival in the hearts of the believers. Moreover, the execution of the practices is only through the way of conducting worship in a tabernacle, conducting rituals and reverent reading of scriptures of relevance. All these celebrations are always celebrated following the appearance of full moon, especially in the month of March, April, or May. Nevertheless, the traditions have it that Easter and the last super cannot be celebrated before the Jewish Passover (Combier-Donovan et al 118). However, pronounced differences are identifiable in relation to rituals and hist ory of every practice. The Jewish Passover dates back to the Old Testament scriptural representation, when the Israelites were in slavery in Egypt. The sending of Moses by God and

Porosity Versus Permeability Essay Example for Free

Porosity Versus Permeability Essay Porosity and permeability are two terms that are commonly mentioned together and sometimes, even mistakenly interchanged. It is certain, however, that these two terms are completely different and pertain to different rock, sediment, or soil characteristics. The volume of openings in relation to its total volume determines porosity. The rule of thumb is that, the more tightly packed a rock is, then the less porous it is. As an example, crystals are less porous than volcanic rocks since the crystalline structure allows for compact organization, while volcanic rocks usually form in the presence of gases and therefore contain air spaces. Permeability, on the other hand, pertains to the degree of capacity to enable fluid to pass through. Thus, for example, if a rock has numerous holes in its structure and lets fluids to pass through effectively, then it can be considered as something that is highly permeable. On the other hand, if a rock has holes yet fluid still cannot pass, then it cannot be considered to have good permeability. In this sense, not only are possible passageways required for having good permeability, but the interconnectivity between the passageways is also important in order to allow the fluid to flow through. A sedimentary rock such as shale, which is composed of lithified clay, can be considered to have high porosity and low permeability. Since it is characterized by the numerous irregular spaces and breaks in its structure, it considered to be is rather porous just like other sedimentary rocks. However, due to the fact that the spacing pattern does not convey a continuous path wherein fluids may travel through, it cannot be considered to be permeable; hence, it has low permeability. Therefore, porosity and permeability are indeed distinct from each other, but a directly proportional relationship may commonly be observed between the two; however, there are cases where the relationship does not hold true due to the lack of proper interconnectivity between pores.

Dreaming Problems :: essays research papers fc

Dreaming Problems   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A large epidemic affecting approximately one in two Americans, according to a Gallup survey, is sleeping difficulty. This difficulty can come in one of many different forms. Problems falling asleep, grogginess after sufficient amounts of sleep, or waking suddenly and not being able to fall back asleep are the most common of the problems that occur in Americans. I shall explain in my report, the importance of sleep, differences in types of sleep, the approximate  ³ reccomended daily amount ² of sleep, variables that may affect sleep, and some simple tips to aide you in attaining effective slumber.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why, exactly is sleep necessary? Sleep is more than a period of rest for the brain, in fact, it is just the opposite. As you sleep, your body repairs itself, and your psyche repairs itself, also. According to the Gallup poll, people who don ¹t have problems sleeping, are able to cope with problems easier, concentrate better, and finish tasks more adequitely. Lack of sleep can cause memory, learning, reasoning and calulation functions to decrease in efficiency. Lack of sleep can lead to illness and psychiatric problems also. An approximate 200,000 auto accidents are probably caused by sleep hindrence, and also, an estimate was made that sleep deprivation and work cost the economy one hundred fifty thousand dollars.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amount of sleep necessary depends upon the individual. Some are ready to go with six hours of sleep, while others can ¹t function without nine. If a person feels unable to stay focused during monotonous or boring work, it is possible they may need more sleep. Also, need for sleep doesn ¹t decline with age, it just may be more difficult to retain the ablility to sleep, as one may lose vision or hearing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sleep is not just a time of relaxation and rest for the body. In fact, the body is doing as much (almost) when asleep (sometimes) as when awake. There are, in fact, five stages of sleep. They include four stages of relaxation and one of dreaming. The dreaming stage, REM, is one where the body is paralyzed, and the brain is afire with activity. Your mind creates scenarios for you, and has usually four or five per night.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some factors that may affect your sleep are as follows. There are a great many possiblile variables in sleep deprivation, and are usually the cause of insomnia. Stress in the workplace, home, social situation, or anywhere else is the number one cause of sleeping distress. Alcohol or caffiene in the afternoon or evening can severly alter sleep habits. Physical or mentally intense activities can cause sleep deprivation or difficulty also.

Our Environment: the Sum Total of Our Surroundings

I. Our environment is the sum total of our surroundings A photograph of Earth reveals a great deal, but it does not convey the complexity of our environment. Our environment (a term that comes from the French environner, â€Å"to surround†) is more than water, land, and air; it is the sum total of our surroundings. It includes all of the biotic factors, or living things, with which we interact. It also includes the abiotic factors, or nonliving things, with which we interact.Our environment includes the continents, oceans, clouds, and ice caps you can see in the photo of Earth from space, as well as the animals, plants, forests, and farms that comprise the landscapes around us. In a more inclusive sense, it also encompasses our built environment, the structures, urban centers, and living spaces humans have created. In its most inclusive sense, our environment also includes the complex webs of scientific, ethical, political, economic, and social relationships and institutions t hat shape our daily lives.From day to day, people most commonly use the term environment in the first, narrow sense—of a nonhuman or â€Å"natural† world apart from human society. This connotation is unfortunate, because it masks the very important fact that humans exist within the environment and are a part of nature. As one of many species of animals on Earth, we share with others the same dependence on a healthy functioning planet. The limitations of language make it all too easy to speak of â€Å"people and nature,† or â€Å"human society and the environment,† as though they are separate and do not interact.However, the fundamental insight of environmental science is that we are part of the natural world and that our interactions with other parts of it matter a great deal. II. Environmental science explores interactions between humans and our environment Appreciating how we interact with our environment is crucial for a well-informed view of our place in the world and for a mature awareness that we are one species among many on a planet full of life.Understanding our relationship with the environment is also vital because we are altering the very natural systems we need, in ways we do not yet fully comprehend. We depend utterly on our environment for air, water, food, shelter, and everything else essential for living. However, our actions modify our environment, whether we intend them to or not. Many of these actions have enriched our lives, bringing us longer life spans, better health, and greater material wealth, mobility, and leisure time. However, these improvements have often degraded the natural systems that sustain us.Impacts such as air and water pollution, soil erosion, and species extinction can compromise human well-being, pose risks to human life, and threaten our ability to build a society that will survive and thrive in the long term. The elements of our environment were functioning long before the human species ap peared, and we would be wise to realize that we need to keep these elements in place. Environmental science is the study of how the natural world works, how our environment affects us, and how we affect our environment.We need to understand our interactions with our environment because such knowledge is the essential first step toward devising solutions to our most pressing environmental problems. Many environmental scientists are taking this next step, trying to apply their knowledge to develop solutions to the many environmental challenges we face. It can be daunting to reflect on the sheer magnitude of environmental dilemmas that confront us today, but with these problems also come countless opportunities for devising creative solutions.The topics studied by environmental scientists are the most centrally important issues to our world and its future. Right now, global conditions are changing more quickly than ever. Right now, through science, we as a civilization are gaining know ledge more rapidly than ever. And right now, the window of opportunity for acting to solve problems is still open. With such bountiful challenges and opportunities, this particular moment in history is indeed an exciting time to be studying environmental science. III. Natural resources are vital to our survivalAn island by definition is finite and bounded, and its inhabitants must cope with limitations in the materials they need. On our island, Earth, human beings, like all living things, ultimately face environmental constraints. Specifically, there are limits to many of our natural resources, the various substances and energy sources we need to survive. Natural resources that are virtually unlimited or that are replenished over short periods are known as renewable natural resources. Some renewable resources, such as sunlight, wind, and wave energy, are perpetually available.Others, such as timber, food crops, water, and soil, renew themselves over months, years, or decades, if we are careful not to use them up too quickly or destructively. In contrast, resources such as mineral ores and crude oil are in finite supply and are formed much more slowly than we use them. These are known as nonrenewable natural resources. Once we use them up, they are no longer available. We can view the renewability of natural resources as a continuum (Figure 1. 1). Some renewable resources may turn nonrenewable if we overuse them.For example, overpumping groundwater can deplete underground aquifers and turn a lush landscape into a desert. Populations of animals and plants we harvest from the wild may be renewable if we do not overharvest them but may vanish if we do. In recent years, our consumption of natural resources has increased greatly, driven by rising affluence and the growth of the largest human population in history. IV. Human population growth has shaped our relationship with natural resources For nearly all of human history, only a few million people populated Earth at any one time.Although past populations cannot be calculated precisely, Figure 1. 2 gives some idea of just how recently and suddenly our population has grown beyond 6 billion people. Two phenomena triggered remarkable increases in population size. The first was our transition from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to an agricultural way of life. This change began to occur around 10,000 years ago and is known as the agricultural revolution. As people began to grow their own crops, raise domestic animals, and live sedentary lives in villages, they found it easier to meet their nutritional needs.As a result, they began to live longer and to produce more children who survived to adulthood. The second notable phenomenon, known as the industrial revolution, began in the mid-1700s. It entailed a shift from rural life, animal-powered agriculture, and manufacturing by craftsmen, to an urban society powered by fossil fuels (nonrenewable energy sources, such as oil, coal, and natural gas, produce d by the decomposition and fossilization of ancient life). The industrial revolution introduced improvements in sanitation and medical technology, and it enhanced agricultural production with fossil-fuel-powered equipment and synthetic fertilizer.Thomas Malthus and population growth   Ã‚  Ã‚  At the outset of the industrial revolution in England, population growth was regarded as a good thing. For parents, high birth rates meant more children to support them in old age. For society, it meant a greater pool of labor for factory work. British economist Thomas Malthus (1766–1834) had a different opinion. Malthus claimed that unless population growth were controlled by laws or other social strictures, the number of people would outgrow the available food supply until starvation, war, or disease arose and reduced the population (Figure 1. ). Malthus’s most influential work, An Essay on the Principle of Population, published in 1798, argued that a growing population would eventually be checked either by limits on births or increases in deaths. If limits on births (such as abstinence and contraception) were not implemented soon enough, Malthus wrote, deaths would increase through famine, plague, and war. Malthus’s thinking was shaped by the rapid urbanization and industrialization he witnessed during the early years of the industrial revolution, but debates over his views continue today.As we will see in Chapter 8 and throughout this book, global population growth has indeed helped spawn famine, disease, and social and political conflict. However, increasing material prosperity has also helped bring down birth rates—something Malthus did not foresee. Paul Ehrlich and the â€Å"population bomb†   Ã‚  Ã‚  In our day, biologist Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University has been called a â€Å"neo-Malthusian† because he too has warned that population growth will have disastrous effects on human welfare.In his 1968 book, The Populat ion Bomb, Ehrlich predicted that the rapidly increasing human population would unleash widespread famine and conflict that would consume civilization by the end of the 20th century. Like Malthus, Ehrlich argued that population was growing much faster than our ability to produce and distribute food, and he maintained that population control was the only way to prevent massive starvation and civil strife. Although human population nearly quadrupled in the past 100 years—the fastest it has ever grown (see Figure1. a)—Ehrlich’s predictions have not materialized on the scale he predicted. This is due, in part, to agricultural advances made in recent decades. As a result, Ehrlich and other neo-Malthusians have revised their predictions accordingly and now warn of a postponed, but still impending, global crisis. V. Resource consumption exerts social and environmental impacts Population growth affects resource availability and is unquestionably at the root of many envir onmental problems. However, the growth in consumption is also to blame.The industrial revolution enhanced the material affluence of many of the world’s people by considerably increasing our consumption of natural resources and manufactured goods. Garrett Hardin and the â€Å"tragedy of the commons†   Ã‚  Ã‚  The late Garrett Hardin of the University of California, Santa Barbara, disputed the economic theory that unfettered exercise of individual self-interest will serve the public interest. According to Hardin’s best-known essay, â€Å"The Tragedy of the Commons,† published in the journal Science in 1968, resources that are open to unregulated exploitation will eventually be depleted.Hardin based his argument on a scenario described in a pamphlet published in 1833. In a public pasture, or â€Å"common,† that is open to unregulated grazing, Hardin argued, each person who grazes animals will be motivated to increase the number of his or her animals in the pasture. Ultimately, overgrazing will cause the pasture’s food production to collapse (Figure 1. 4). Because no single person owns the pasture, no one has incentive to expend effort taking care of it, and everyone takes what he or she can until the resource is depleted.Some have argued that private ownership can address this problem. Others point to cases in which people sharing a common resource have voluntarily organized and cooperated in enforcing its responsible use. Still others maintain that the dilemma justifies government regulation of the use of resources held in common by the public, from forests to clean air to clean water. Weighing the issues:| The Tragedy of the Commons| Imagine you make your living fishing for lobster. You are free to boat anywhere and set out as many traps as you like.Your harvests have been good, and nothing is stopping you from increasing the number of your traps. However, all the other lobster fishers are thinking the same thing, and the fishing grounds are getting crowded. Catches decline year by year, until one year the fishery crashes, leaving you and all the others with catches too meager to support your families. Some of your fellow fishers call for dividing the waters and selling access to individuals plot-by-plot. Others urge the fishers to team up, set quotas among themselves, and prevent newcomers from entering the market.Still others are imploring the government to get involved and pass laws regulating how much fishers can catch. What do you think is the best way to combat this tragedy of the commons and restore the fishery? Why? | Wackernagel, Rees, and the ecological footprint   Ã‚  Ã‚  As global affluence has increased, human society has consumed more and more of the planet’s limited resources. We can quantify resource consumption using the concept of the â€Å"ecological footprint,† developed in the 1990s by environmental scientists Mathis Wackernagel and William Rees.The ecologica l footprint expresses the environmental impact of an individual or population in terms of the cumulative amount of land and water required to provide the raw materials the person or population consumes and to dispose of or recycle the waste the person or population produces (Figure 1. 5). It measures the total amount of Earth’s surface â€Å"used† by a given person or population, once all direct and indirect impacts are totaled up. For humanity as a whole, Wackernagel and Rees have calculated that our species is using 30% more resources than are available on a sustainable basis from all the land on the planet.That is, we are depleting renewable resources 30% faster than they are being replenished—like drawing the principal out of a bank account rather than living off the interest. Furthermore, people from wealthy nations have much larger ecological footprints than do people from poorer nations. If all the world’s people consumed resources at the rate of N orth Americans, these researchers concluded, we would need the equivalent of two additional planet Earths. VI.Environmental science can help us avoid mistakes made by past civilizations It remains to be seen whether the direst predictions of Malthus, Ehrlich, and others will come to pass for today’s global society, but we already have historical evidence that civilizations can crumble when pressures from population and consumption overwhelm resource availability. Easter Island is the classic case (see â€Å"The Science behind the Story†), but it is not the only example. Many great civilizations have fallen after depleting resources from their environments, and each has left devastated landscapes in its wake.The Greek and Roman empires show evidence of such a trajectory, as do the Maya, the Anasazi, and other civilizations of the New World. Plato wrote of the deforestation and environmental degradation accompanying ancient Greek cities, and today further evidence is acc umulating from research by archaeologists, historians, and paleoecologists who study past societies and landscapes. The arid deserts of today’s Middle Eastern countries were far more vegetated when the great ancient civilizations thrived there; at that time these regions were lush enough to support the very origin of agriculture.While deforestation created deserts in temperate regions, in more tropical climates, the ancient cities of fallen civilizations became overgrown by jungle. The gigantic stone monuments of the Angkor civilization in Southeast Asia, like those of the Maya in Mexico and Central America, remained unknown to Westerners until the 19th century, and most of these cities remain covered by rainforest. Researchers have learned enough by now, however, that scientist and author Jared Diamond in his 2005 book, Collapse, could synthesize this information and formulate sets of reasons why civilizations succeed and persist, or fail and collapse.Success and persistence , it turns out, depend largely on how societies interact with their environments. I. People vary in their perception of environmental problems Environmental science arose in the latter half of the 20th century as people sought to better understand environmental problems and their origins. An environmental problem, stated simply, is any undesirable change in the environment. However, the perception of what constitutes an undesirable change may vary from one person or group of people to another, or from one context or situation to another.A person’s age, gender, class, race, nationality, employment, and educational background can all affect whether he or she considers a given environmental change to be a â€Å"problem. †   Ã‚  Ã‚  For instance, today’s industrial societies are more likely to view the spraying of the pesticide DDT as a problem than those societies viewed it in the 1950s, because today more is known about the health risks of pesticides (Figure 1. 6). At the same time, a person living today in a malaria-infested village in Africa or India may welcome the use of DDT if it kills mosquitoes that transmit malaria, because malaria is viewed as a more immediate health threat.Thus an African and an American who have each knowledgeably assessed the pros and cons may, because of differences in their circumstances, differ in their judgment of DDT’s severity as an environmental problem. | Different types of people may also vary in their awareness of problems. For example, in many cultures women are responsible for collecting water and fuelwood. As a result, they are often the first to perceive environmental degradation affecting these resources, whereas men in the same area simply might not â€Å"see† the problem.As another example, in most societies information about environmental health risks tends to reach wealthy people more readily than poor people. Thus, who you are, where you live, and what you do can have a huge ef fect on how you perceive your environment, how you perceive and react to change, and what impact those changes may have on how you live your life. In Chapter 2, we will examine the diversity of human values and philosophies and consider their effects on how we define environmental problems.II. Environmental science provides interdisciplinary solutions Studying and addressing environmental problems is a complex endeavor that requires expertise from many disciplines, including ecology, earth science, chemistry, biology, economics, political science, demography, ethics, and others. Environmental science is thus an interdisciplinary field—one that borrows techniques from numerous disciplines and brings research results from these disciplines together into a broad synthesis (Figure 1. 7).Traditional established disciplines are valuable because their scholars delve deeply into topics, uncovering new knowledge and developing expertise in particular areas. Interdisciplinary fields ar e valuable because their practitioners take specialized knowledge from different disciplines, consolidate it, synthesize it, and make sense of it in a broad context to better serve the multifaceted interests of society. Environmental science is especially broad because it encompasses not only the natural sciences (disciplines that study the natural world), but also the social sciences (disciplines that study human interactions and institutions).The natural sciences provide us the means to gain accurate information about our environment and to interpret it reasonably. Addressing environmental problems, however, also involves weighing values and understanding human behavior, and this requires the social sciences. Most environmental science programs focus predominantly on the natural sciences as they pertain to environmental issues. In contrast, programs incorporating the social sciences heavily often prefer using the term environmental studies to describe their academic umbrella. Whic hever approach one takes, these fields reflect many diverse perspectives and sources of knowledge.Just as an interdisciplinary approach to studying issues can help us better understand them, an integrated approach to addressing problems can produce effective and lasting solutions. One example is the dramatic improvement in one aspect of air quality in the United States over the past few decades. Ever since automobiles were invented, lead had been added to gasoline to make cars run more smoothly, even though medical professionals knew that lead emissions from tailpipes could cause health problems, including brain damage and premature death.In 1970 air pollution was severe, and motor vehicles accounted for 78% of U. S. lead emissions. But over the following years, engineers, physicians, atmospheric scientists, and politicians all merged their knowledge and skills into a process that eventually resulted in a ban on leaded gasoline. By 1996 all gasoline sold in the United States was unl eaded, and the nation’s largest source of atmospheric lead emissions had been completely eliminated. III.Environmental science is not the same as environmentalism Although many environmental scientists are interested in solving problems, it would be incorrect to confuse environmental science with environmentalism, or environmental activism. They are not the same. Environmental science is the pursuit of knowledge about the workings of the environment and our interactions with it. Environmentalism is a social movement dedicated to protecting the natural world—and, by extension, humans—from undesirable changes brought about by human choices (Figure 1. ). Although environmental scientists may study many of the same issues environmentalists care about, as scientists they attempt to maintain an objective approach in their work. Remaining free from personal or ideological bias, and open to whatever conclusions the data demand, is a hallmark of the effective scientist. We will now proceed with a brief overview of how science works and how scientists go about this enterprise that brings our society so much valuable knowledge.